REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

1. Two Brothers- Damodar and Balkrishna Chapekar began the process of revolutionary activities in India. They formed the ‘Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha’ in 1893 and started celebrating the birthday of Shivaji and Ganesh Utsavs.

2. In 1896-97 the Chapekar brothers had set up a gymnasium in Pune. The Famine Commissioner of the Pune, Rand and Lt. Ayrst was killed by them

3. The Savakar brothers (Ganesh, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Narayana Savakar), like the Chapekar brothers had been infused with a sense of patriotism since their very childhood.Savarkar was qualified as a barrister but for his patriotic stance he was neither decorated with its degree not was he given the degree of Bachelor Arts. Book (The Indian War of Independence) had been seiged by the British government before being published.He was perhaps the first individual who had set fire to foreign clothes. There he organized the New Indian Association. (The Indian House had been founded by Shyamji Krishna Verma). Savarkar was linked to the assacination of Jackson at Aurangabad. On 8 July 1910, he was arrested and then sent to India, by a ship. He was sentenced to imprisonment in Andaman between 1911-1924. In Bengal an organization by the name of Anushilan Samiti was founded. Barindra Kumar Ghose and Bhupendranath Dutta had started the paper Yugantar in 1906. A 15 year old youth, Khudiram Bose had been entrusted with the task of throwing the bomb at Kingsford District Judge of Muzzafarbur. vehicle. On August 11, 1908 Khudiram inspite of being a minor was hanged to death while his associate Prafulla Chaki shot himself. Lala Hardayal (1884-1938) had played an important role in the Gadar Movement and Basant Kumar Biwas were hanged whereas Ram Bihari Bose succeeded in feeling to Japan..

Ghadar party: Started by HarDayal and Sohar Singh Bhakna in 1913 at San Fransisco in North America and brought out a Urdu and Gurumukshi weekly viz Ghadar.During firstworld war moved to Germany and set up Indian Independence committee.

1906 - 1917

Four major resolutions i.e., Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott of foreign goods and National education were passed in this session. ‘Morley-Minto Reforms’ (Act of 1909) were announced. Though the moderates did not welcome the reform, yet consented to assist in their implementation. Every effort was made in 1911 to make Aga Kahn preside over the incoming Congress Session at Bankipur. The 1912 Bankipur session was the shortest in duration during the entire history of the Congress. In total, 207 representatives had taken part in this session but not a single representative had come from the Muslim majority province of Punjab. To bring the Muslims closer the 1913 session of the Congress was held at Karachi under the president ship of Nawab Sayyid Muhammad Bahadur. Bahadur belonged to a lineage, which had familiar relations with that of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan. The moderates thought that Britain was fighting the War in the interest of democracy and after the war she will do something in this direction in India. Therefore the moderates decided to support the British with men and material. During her visit to Ireland in 1913, the Home Rule League there had suggested Annie Besant to launch a similar movement in India. On her return to India she had brought out a weekly paper by the name of ‘Common Will’ followed by a daily called ‘New India’. Both these papers had been used to demand Home Rule for India. The aim of the Home Rule Movement was to obtain for India a status equivalent to other colonies of the British Empire. In short the Home Rule Movement was neither entirely moderate nor was thoroughly revolutionary. A Home Rule League had been established by Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. Annie Besant herself was its President. The other prominent member of the League was Arundale, P.C. Ramaswamy Iyer and V.P. Wadia. By October 1916, around 500 branches of the league had come up in the country. The Congress had also passed a resolution in its 1915 Bombay session demanding Home Rule for India. Prior to the establishment of the Home Rule League by Annie Besant. It was Lokmanya Tilak who had set up a Home Rule League at Pune in April 1916. Both Annie Besant and Tilak had agreed to conduct this movement in cooperation with each other. The Home Rule Movement left a deep impact on Indian politics. Not only it revived the nationalist movement but also it made the Indian conscious of their rights. In 1915 the prominent leaders of the Congress viz. Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu and Madan Mohan Malaviya took part in the Muslim League Session. This session of the Muslim League was presided over by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; The session gave emphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity. The Lucknow Pact was signed on the basis of an agreement in 1916.